O mercado de carbono é uma saída prática e eficaz para barrar o aquecimento global e as emissões dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), ao mesmo tempo em que traz vantagens econômicas para os proprietários rurais.
Os projetos de carbono são iniciativas de redução ou remoção de emissões de GEE e podem ser gerados de diversas formas. Na área florestal, são exemplos os projetos de reflorestamento (ARR) e de conservação florestal (REDD).
O modelo de reflorestamento gera créditos a partir da restauração de uma área degradada ou sem floresta devido à remoção de carbono da atmosfera pelo crescimento das árvores. Já no modelo de conservação os créditos são gerados através da manutenção do estoque de carbono existente na cobertura vegetal de uma determinada área.
Esses créditos são vendidos no mercado de carbono para empresas ou quem quiser compensar suas emissões. Hoje manter a floresta em pé é uma atividade lucrativa e tão rentável quanto a soja ou o gado.
Porém, a metodologia utilizada pela maior emissora de créditos de carbono do mundo, a Verra, tem sido questionada, colocando à prova a eficiência e a credibilidade dos projetos de carbono, principalmente devido ao cálculo superestimado em alguns projetos.
Para recuperar a confiança dos investidores e proprietários, novos procedimentos têm sido adotados pela própria Verra como metodologias e mecanismos para avaliar a integridade dos projetos, os cálculos e o seu impacto com precisão. Mas não há com o que se preocupar com os projetos que são realizados de maneira correta e com uma sólida base conceitual de análise e viabilidade.
E o impacto dos projetos de carbono tanto para o meio ambiente quanto para o proprietário rural é incontestável. Além de uma nova fonte de renda, que pode ser conciliada com atividades agropastoris, a conservação das florestas gera benefícios diretos à biodiversidade, ao manter seu habitat intacto, e às comunidades localizadas na área do projeto ou seu entorno, por meio de atividades de melhoria do acesso a serviços de saúde e educação, por exemplo.
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